Posts Building an Apple-1 Reproduction in 2024 - Part 3: The Retro Chip Tester
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Building an Apple-1 Reproduction in 2024 - Part 3: The Retro Chip Tester

This is part 3 of a series of posts about building an Apple-1 reproduction in 2024. See also:

Assembled and working Retro Chip Tester Pro
Assembled and working Retro Chip Tester Pro

Introduction

Right from the beginning of this project, one of my fears was that I would spend time and money, assemble things the best I could, and then turn on the power and face a non-working computer. One reason for this is that not all the components I bought were sold as tested. Remember, I didn’t buy a kit, but instead bought components from various sources. The DRAM, 2504s, and 2513 were sold to me by Arunas in Lithuania as tested, but while the expectation was that the chips I bought from other places were in working condition, they were not specifically tested by sellers, including the components bought from Unicorn Electronics, Anchor Electronics, or other eBay sources.

Finding which out of the 61 integrated circuits of the Apple-1 might not be working could lead to some very painful troubleshooting sessions. So I considered what I could do to reduce that risk.

Testing components

For my TVI-912 repair, I wrote my own basic memory tester with an RP2040, and it worked! But here we are talking about testing many chips of different types. Unless I wanted to embark into the completely different project of making my own general-purpose tester, I needed to use something off the shelf. I decided to build a Retro Chip Tester after reading about it and watching videos reviews.

The Retro Chip Tester Pro (or RTC) is a project by Stephan Slabihoud in Germany. Stephan runs a website dedicated to retro computing. You typically buy the PCB, optionally with the microcontroller already programmed and soldered, but you have to buy the rest of the components yourself, although I think that some third-parties sell fully-assembled RTCs.

While this is not an open source project, there is above-average documentation for building and using the device, and there is an official support forum on Reddit.

The RTC can test a wide range of older chips, including the 74xx series, 4000 series, SRAM, DRAM, and more. Here is the list of Apple-1 chips and whether they can be tested with the Retro Chip Tester Pro:

ChipQuantityRTCComment
74003Yes 
74021Yes 
74041Yes 
74081Yes 
74102Yes 
74271Yes 
74321Yes 
74501Yes 
741231Yes 
741541Yes 
74157A2Yes 
741601Yes 
741615Yes 
741661Yes 
74174A1Yes 
74175A1Yes 
74S2574Yes 
8T972Yes 
6502A1NoCPU
6520A1NoPIA
25047Noshift-registers
25131Adapterwith -5V/-12V, use 2704 settings with adapter
25191Noshift-register
DS0025CN1Noclock chip
MK4027N-416Yesuse 2104 DRAM setting
27C641YesEPROM replacement
74LS021YesACI
74LS101YesACI
74LS741YesACI

As you can see, there is quite good coverage.

Ordering the parts

I got in touch with Stephan about ordering. I paid EUR 108 (about USD 118) total for the main PCB and the DC-DC module (EUR 68), the soldered and programmed microcontroller (EUR 12), and shipping (EUR 28). Transit of the package to the US took weeks, but I was not in a hurry. The items arrived safely. They came in a nice box.

RTC box
RTC box

The PCBs are nicely packed inside:

RTC box inside
RTC box inside

Here is why I bought the soldered and programmed microcontroller: I am not confident that I could solder something that small.

The microcontroller
The microcontroller

In the meanwhile, I looked at procuring the rest of the components for the board. There are PDF files detailing the BOM, options for some of the parts, what to watch for, etc. I started with a pre-configured DigiKey cart, and double-checked it and added to it.

In addition to items that you can get from online electronics stores like DigiKey, there are a few components you need to get separately:

  • nylon standoff screws
  • LCD display

I got these from AliExpress. You have a choice for the LCD, as it is a standard two-line display, and you could even get an OLED version, but for a large premium. I went with a yellow LCD, which, I thought, looked cool.

Standoffs and LCD
Standoffs and LCD

I had ordered the extra power module board, which I might not really need immediately. It provides regulated 5 V, -5 V, and 12 V (but no -12 V).

Here is my total cost for the RTC:

ItemCost (USD)Details
PCBs, MCU, and flashing$118.00Directly from Stephan
Other components (including DC-DC board)$122.56DigiKey
LCD and spacers$26.61AliExpress
Extra diodes$6.55Amazon
Total$273.72 

Building the RTC

One thing that Stephan recommends is to test the Zener diodes. I made a simple test setup using my regulated power supply (not shown here, and neither is the multimeter).

Zener diode test setup
Zener diode test setup

Unfortunately, the values were all a little off compared to what the instructions recommend. I asked Stephan about it and he said it should be fine, but still pointed to a set of Zeners that work for him. I ordered those from Amazon, and they were spot on. So I used the new Zeners.

I followed the build instructions and I soldered the low-profile components first, including the Zeners and resistors.

First low-profile components soldered
First low-profile components soldered

You then solder the IC socket, transistors, relays, and the rest of the components. Soldering by height is just a matter of convenience: it just makes it easier to solder.

More components soldered
More components soldered

I then soldered the power module, put the LCD headers in place, the spacers, and I was done!

I built a somewhat maximalist build, with the power module, and all the ways to power the board: barrel connector, USB-B, micro-USB, and screw terminals.

Using the RTC

I plugged the RTC for the first time, plugged a chip in, and it worked right away! Here I am testing a 7400 chip.

Assembled and working Retro Chip Tester Pro
Assembled and working Retro Chip Tester Pro

The UI is pretty easy to use. You have to use the switches to navigate the menu. The only issue is navigating in large series of chips, like the 74xx series. You can hold the button and it will start jumping by 10s, which helps. It’s not a big problem, and you get used to it.

I like that there is a buzzer indicating success or failure. It’s a nice touch. You can also very easily test the next chip in a batch: remove the chip, put the next one, and press the button.

I was able to test the chips, listed above, that I had bought for the Apple-1, and they all passed, including the Mostek MK4027N-4 DRAMs.

Testing a DRAM chip
Testing a DRAM chip

Since my original orders of components for the Apple-1, I stumbled onto two fairly large sets of 74xx series chips.

Set of 74xx series chips
Set of 74xx series chips
Another set of 74xx series chips
Another set of 74xx series chips

So of course I started testing those chips. As of October 2024, I am not entirely done, but only a small subset so far showed as failing. I only encountered an issue so far with two types of chips:

  • 7441 (9 instances)
  • 7473 (57 instances)

The tester reports that they all fail, which seems unlikely. I wonder if it is the chips, the tester, or the algorithm used to test them.

UPDATE: Stephan indicates that these chips must be positioned specially in the ZIF socket. In fact, the display shows that (“Pos 4” or “Pos 5”). So it was a user error, not having RTFM. By positioning the chips correctly, most of these chips now test fine!

Conclusion

Although it wasn’t exactly cheap, I am glad I built the RTC. It gave me more confidence about completing the assembly of the Apple-1 reproduction, and hopefully will also be useful for other projects.

Part 4 covers the assembly of the Apple-1.